Abstract: Objective:To explore the validity and safety of ABO and RhD matched type red blood cells transfusion and identical type red blood cell transfusion by retrospective case-control study in order to provide basis for selection of clinical blood transfusion. Method:The patients who were conducted ABO and RhD matched type red blood cells transfusion from January 1,2017 to June 30,2019 in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University were selected randomly and defined them as the case group.The patients who were transfused identical type red blood cell were also selected randomly and defined them as the control group.Matched the case group and the control group according to the patients’ characteristics such as age,gender,volume of red blood cells transfusion and transfusion time as well as the distribution of diseases.Inquired about the results of patients’ Hb,RBC and Hct pre-transfusion and posttransfusion in 24 hours and 48 hours through the hospital’s blood transfusion management system and analyzed whether there were significant differences or not of the influence in Hb,RBC and Hct not only the two different red blood cell transfusion schemes（ABO and RhD matched type red blood cells transfusion and identical type transfusion）but also the time of red blood cells transfusion as well as the interaction between them by repeated measurement variance analysis.Evaluated the safety of red blood cells transfusion by comparing the results of indirect bilirubin（IBiL）pretransfusion and 1 d,3 d,7 d and 15 days after transfusion,new irregular antibodies emerged and patients of DAT positive as well as adverse reactions caused by red blood cells transfusion in the study between the case group and its control group. Result:There was no significant difference between the case group and control group in age,gender,volume of red blood cells transfusion and distribution of disease（P＞0.05）.There was no significant difference in the validity of the two different red blood cell transfusion schemes between the case group and control group.There were significant differences of the influence in the results of HB,RBC and Hct for posttransfusion（24 and 48 hours）comparing with that of the pre-transfusion for the case group and the control group respectively（P＜0.05）,but there was no significant difference between the 24 hours and 48 hours after red blood cells transfusion for the two groups respectively（P＞0.05）,as well as there was no significant difference in HB,RBC and Hct（P＞0.05）between the two groups.No interaction among pre-transfusion,posttransfusion and the two different red cell blood transfusion schemes was found（P＞0.05）,in other words,the influence of pre-transfusion or posttransfusion in Hb,RBC and Hct did not change whether either red blood cell transfusion scheme was performed,ABO and RhD matched type red blood cells transfusion or identical type transfusion.There was on significant difference of IBiL not only pre-transfusion but also posttransfusion in 1 d,3 d,7 d and 15 days（P＞0.05）and the result was applicable to that between the control group and the case group（P＞0.05）similarly.No irregular antibody emerged and patients of DAT positive as well as adverse transfusion reaction caused by this ABO and RhD matched type red blood cells transfusion and identical type red blood cell transfusion was found in this study.Conclusion:ABO and RhD matched type red blood cells transfusion is safe and effective as that of identical type red blood cells transfusion,which might play an important role in saving the lives of critically ill patients and in the treatment of some diseases.