Abstract: Objective: To retrospectively analyze 147 cases of neonatal Rh hemolytic disease diagnosed by Department of Neonatal Pediatrics of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2012 to 2019, investigate the severity and treatment of neonatal hemolytic disease caused by Rh blood group accidental antibody, and explore the reasonable and effective prevention and control measures of neonatal hemolytic disease caused by Rh blood group accidental antibody.Methods: Cases of 147 neonatal Rh hemolytic disease were selected to identify the specificity of blood group accident antibody. The peak value of total bilirubin, the content of hemoglobin, the history of blood transfusion, the history of exchange transfusion and the use of other therapeutic measures for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were collected.Results: The types of unexpected antibodies were as follows: anti-D 131 case(89.12%), anti-E 10 cases(6.80%), anti-Ec 2 cases(1.36%), anti-c 2 cases(1.36%), anti-DC 1 case(0.68%) and anti-DE 1 case(0.68%). There was no significant difference in the peak value of total bilirubin and the content of hemoglobin between anti-D-neonatal hemolysis group and non-anti-D-neonatal hemolysis group(P=0.693, 0.471). There were significant differences in the exchange rate of anti-D-neonatal hemolysis and non-anti-D-neonatal hemolysis(45.11%, 42.86%), transfusion rate(26.32%, 21.43%), blue light therapy utilization rate(90.23%, 64.29%), gamma globulin utilization rate(83.46%, 85.71%) and albumin utilization rate(65.41%, 50.00%).Conclusion: The severity of neonatal hemolytic disease caused byother antibodies of Rh blood group system was similar to that caused by RhD antibody. Blue light irradiation and intravenous injection of gamma globulin blocking antibody were the main treatment methods for neonatal Rh hemolytic disease except exchange transfusion therapy. Prevention, monitoring and treatment measures such as detection of Rh blood group antigen before pregnancy, screening and identification of irregular antibodies of pregnant women, determination of antibody titer, non-invasive detection of fetal DNA blood group gene and injection of specific immunoglobulin may be important measures to reduce and alleviate Rh hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn.